Ku wa 30 Ukwakira 1961, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti zaturikije igisasu kirimbuzi gikomeye kurusha ibindi byose byigeze kugeragezwa mu mateka.
Nyuma y’imyaka irenga 60, Tsar Bomba iracyibutsa isi ko rimwe na rimwe intwaro ikomeye idakorerwa gusa kurimbura umwanzi, ahubwo inakoreshwa mu guhindura imyumvire ye no kwerekana ububasha bw’igihugu.
Hari intwaro zigenewe gutsinda intambara. Izindi zigamije gutuma umwanzi atinya kuyitangiza.
Mu gitondo cyo ku wa 30 Ukwakira 1961, mu gace ka Novaya Zemlya, mu nyanja ya Arctique, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti zagerageje bombe ya kirimbuzi yanditse amateka mu bijyanye n’ubushobozi bwo kurekura ingufu za kirimbuzi.
Yari izwi nka Tsar Bomba, izina risobanura mu buryo bworoshye “Umwami wa za Bombe”.
Ingufu zayo zanganaga na megatoni 50 za TNT. Mu yandi magambo, zanganaga n’ingufu zaturuka ku guturitsa toni miliyoni 50 z’ibiturika bisanzwe, ni ukuvuga inshuro ibihumbi z’ingufu za bombe yatewe i Hiroshima mu 1945.
Nk’uko amateka y’igeragezwa ry’intwaro za kirimbuzi agaragazwa n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye n’Ingoro Ndangamurage y’Amateka y’Intwaro za Kirimbuzi yo muri Amerika, Tsar Bomba ni yo ntwaro ya kirimbuzi ifite ingufu nyinshi kurusha izindi zose zigeze guturitswa n’abantu.
Ariko ikibazo cy’ingenzi si ukumenya gusa ubukana bw’iyo bombe. Ni ukumenya impamvu igihugu cyafashe icyemezo cyo gukora intwaro ifite ubushobozi nk’ubwo, n’ubutumwa cyashakaga kugeza ku isi.
Intambara y’Ubutita: Irushanwa ryo kwerekana ububasha
Mu myaka ya za 1960, isi yari mu bihe by’Intambara y’Ubutita, irushanwa rikomeye rya politiki, igisirikare n’ikoranabuhanga ryahanganishaga Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.
Impande zombi zari zizi ko intambara yeruye hagati yazo yashoboraga kuvamo ikoreshwa ry’intwaro za kirimbuzi, bikagira ingaruka zikomeye ku bihugu byombi no ku isi yose.
Muri uwo mwuka wo kutizerana, kugira intwaro zigezweho byari uburyo bwo kwirinda, ariko kandi bikaba n’uburyo bwo kwereka uwo muhanganye ko adashobora kuguhatira kwemera ibyo udashaka.
Tsar Bomba rero ntiyari umushinga w’ubumenyi gusa. Yari n’igikoresho cy’ubutumwa bwa politiki.
Abasoviyeti bashakaga kwerekana ko bashoboye gukora intwaro zifite ubushobozi bukabije bwo kurimbura. Ubutumwa bwari bugenewe Washington n’abandi bakinnyi ba politiki mpuzamahanga bwari bweruye: Moscou yari ifite ubushobozi bwa kirimbuzi bwagombaga gufatanwa uburemere.
Icyakora, kwerekana ubushobozi si kimwe no kugaragaza ko intwaro runaka ifite akamaro kanini ku rugamba.
Bombe yari ifite ingufu zikubye kabiri izo bagerageje
Kimwe mu bintu bitangaje kuri Tsar Bomba ni uko igishushanyo mbonera cyayo cyari gifite ubushobozi bwo kurekura ingufu zingana na megatoni 100 za TNT, ariko mu igeragezwa hakoreshwa igishushanyo cyagabanyije ingufu zayo zikagera kuri megatoni 50.
Iryo gabanywa ryari rifite impamvu z’ubumenyi n’umutekano, cyane cyane mu kugabanya ingaruka z’imirasire ya kirimbuzi.
Iyo bombe yari nini cyane ku buryo indege yari iyitwaye yagombaga guhindurwa kugira ngo ibashe kuyikorera. Yari ifite uburemere bugera kuri toni 27, ikaba yarateje n’ibyago bikomeye ku bakozi b’indege.
Ku munsi w’igeragezwa, yarekuwe n’indege yo mu bwoko bwa Tu-95 yari yarahinduwe kugira ngo ibashe kuyitwara. Nyuma yo kuyirekura, indege yagombaga kwihutira kujya kure y’ahari kubera iturika rikomeye.
Igihe yaturikaga mu kirere, Tsar Bomba yateje urumuri rukomeye, umuraba w’igitutu n’igicu kinini cyazamutse mu kirere. Ingaruka z’iturika zagaragaje ubukana bw’ingufu abantu bari bamaze kugera ku bushobozi bwo kurekura.
Icyo gihe, isi yari ibonye urugero rukomeye rw’ubushobozi ikoranabuhanga rya kirimbuzi ryari rimaze kugeraho.
Ese yari intwaro yo gutsinda intambara cyangwa ubutumwa bwo gutera ubwoba?
Aha ni ho ubutumwa bwa geopolitiki y’isi bugaragarira.
Mu bijyanye n’imbaraga z’ibihugu, kugira intwaro ikomeye cyane ntibihita bisobanura ko ari yo ntwaro ifite akamaro kanini mu ntambara.
Intwaro ishobora kugira ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kurimbura, ariko ikagira imbogamizi mu kuyitwara, kuyikoresha no kugera ku ntego za gisirikare.
Tsar Bomba yari nini kandi iremereye. Ibyo byatumaga idashobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bworoshye nk’izindi ntwaro nto za kirimbuzi zashoboraga gutwarwa n’ibindi bikoresho bya gisirikare.
Bityo rero, agaciro kayo ntikari gushingiye gusa ku byo yashoboraga kurimbura, ahubwo kari no mu butumwa yatangaga.
Mu rurimi rwa geopolitiki, ibi bifitanye isano n’icyo bita strategic signalling, ni ukuvuga gukoresha igikorwa cyangwa ubushobozi runaka kugira ngo wohereze ubutumwa bufite intego ku wundi mukinnyi mpuzamahanga.
Iyo igihugu kigerageje intwaro ifite ubushobozi bukabije, gishobora kuba kigamije gutuma uwo bahanganye yongera gusuzuma ingamba ze, agateganya ibishobora kumubaho mu gihe umwuka w’amakimbirane wakomeza kwiyongera.
Ariko hari ikindi kibazo: ese gutera ubwoba umwanzi bituma amahoro aramba, cyangwa bishobora gutuma impande zombi zikomeza kwiyubakira ubushobozi bwo kurimburana?
Ihame ryo gukumira umwanzi: Umutekano ushingiye ku bwoba
Mu nyigisho z’umutekano mpuzamahanga, hari ihame rizwi nka *nuclear deterrence*, risobanura gukumira umwanzi hakoreshejwe ubwoba bw’ingaruka zikomeye zishobora guterwa no gutangiza igitero.
Igihugu gishobora kwirinda kugabwaho igitero iyo uwo bahanganye azi ko na cyo gishobora kwihorera mu buryo bwamuhombya cyane.
Iyi ni imwe mu mpamvu zatumye intwaro za kirimbuzi zigaragara nk’ibikoresho bifite uruhare rukomeye mu mibanire y’ibihugu bikomeye mu gihe cy’Intambara y’Ubutita.
Ariko gukumira umwanzi ntibishingira ku kugira intwaro gusa. Bishingira no ku kuba uwo muhanganye yemera ko igihugu gifite ubushobozi bwo kuzikoresha, ko gishobora kuzigeza ku ntego, kandi ko ingaruka zo kugaba igitero zishobora kuba zikomeye.
Ikibazo ni uko ubwo buryo bushobora kugira intege nke.
Iyo buri gihugu cyongera intwaro zacyo kubera gutinya mugenzi wacyo, na mugenzi we ashobora kubifata nk’ikimenyetso cy’uko agomba kongera izo afite. Uko kutizerana gushobora guteza irushanwa ry’intwaro, nubwo nta ruhande rwaba rwifuza gutangiza intambara.
Ibi ni byo abasesenguzi ba geopolitiki bita 'dilemme de sécurité', cyangwa ikibazo cy’umutekano aho ingamba igihugu gifata kigamije kwirinda zishobora gutuma ibindi bihugu birushaho kumva ko biri mu kaga.
Tsar Bomba yahinduye iki mu mateka?
Tsar Bomba ntiyatumye Intambara y’Ubutita irangira, kandi ntiyakuyeho guhangana hagati ya Moscou na Washington.
Ahubwo, yagaragaje ko irushanwa ry’intwaro za kirimbuzi ryari rigeze ku rwego aho ibihugu byashoboraga kwerekana ubushobozi bwo kurimbura ku rugero rukomeye, ariko ntibibe byoroshye kubuhindura intsinzi ifatika ku rugamba.
Mu 1963, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’u Bwongereza byashyizeho amasezerano yabuzaga igerageza ry’intwaro za kirimbuzi mu kirere, mu mazi no mu isanzure ry’ikirere, nubwo atahagaritse amagerageza yose, cyane cyane ayakorerwaga munsi y’ubutaka.
Ibyo byagaragaje ko nubwo ibihugu byakomeza guhangana, byashoboraga no kubona inyungu mu gushyiraho imipaka imwe ku bikorwa byashoboraga guteza akaga ku bantu no ku bidukikije.
Tsar Bomba rero ni igice cy’amateka atwigisha ko iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rya gisirikare ritajyana buri gihe no kongera umutekano.
Isomo ku isi ya none
Nubwo Intambara y’Ubutita yarangiye, ikibazo cy’ihurizo ry’umutekano n’irushanwa ry’intwaro kiracyafite umwanya mu mibanire mpuzamahanga.
Ibihugu bikomeye bikomeza kureba ubushobozi bwa gisirikare bw’abo bihanganye, bikagena ingamba zabyo hashingiwe ku byo bibona nk’iterabwoba, amahirwe n’inyungu zabyo z’igihe kirekire.
Tsar Bomba itwibutsa ko imbaraga z’igihugu zitagomba gupimwa gusa n’ingano y’intwaro gifite, ahubwo zigomba no kureberwa mu bushobozi bwo kuzikoresha mu kugera ku ntego za politiki, gukumira intambara no gucunga amakimbirane.
Mu isesengura rya geopolitiki, ikibazo si ukumenya gusa ufite intwaro zikomeye kurusha izindi. Ni ukumenya icyo agamije, ubutumwa ashaka kugeza ku bandi, uko abo bahanganye babyakira n’ingaruka bishobora kugira ku mutekano rusange.
Umwanzuro: Tsar Bomba yari ikimenyetso cy’ubushobozi bwa gisirikare bw’Abasoviyeti, ariko inasiga isomo rikomeye
Mu mibanire mpuzamahanga, ubushobozi bwo kurimbura bushobora gutera ubwoba umwanzi, ariko si bwo bwonyine bushobora kubaka amahoro arambye.